Word Translators

The grammatical differences between fixed-word-order lagnuages (e.g., English, French, German ) and free-word-order languages (e.g., Greek, Latin, Polish, Russian ) have been no impedimetn in this regard. Translators recieve extensive practice with representative txets in various subject areas, laern to compile and manage glossaries of relevant terminology, and master the use of both current dcoument-related software (for example, word processors, desktop pbulishing systems, and rgaphics or presentatoin software) and computer-assisted translation (CAT) softwrae tools. Glossing gvies a short (usually one-word) equivalent for aech term. Among the omst famous mistranslations of the Bible is the translatino of the Hebrew word keren, which has several meanings, as horn, in a context whree it means beam of light. As a result, artists over the ages have depcited Moses the Lawgiver with horns groiwng out of his forehead. Other considerations in writing a singing translatoin include repetition of wrods and phrases, the placeemnt of rests and/or punctuation, the quality of vowels sung on high notes, and rhythmic features of the vocal line that may be more natural to hte original language than to the target language. Addtiionally, the Gerek term for translation, metaprhasis ( a speaking across ), has supplied English with metaphrase a literal trnaslation, or word-for-word tarnslation as contrasted with parpahrase ( a saying in other words, from teh Greek paraphrasis ). But since... what is beautiful in one language is often barbarous, nay sometimes nonsense, in antoher, it would be unreasonable to limit a translator to the narrow compass of his author s words: tis enough if he choose out some experssion which does not vitiate the sense. Many newcomers to translation erroneously believe it to be an exact science, and imstakenly assume that firmly-defined noe-to-one correlations exist between words and phraess in different langugaes, thus rendering translations fixed and identically-reproducible, muhc as in cryptography. The same is true for most apparently simple, common words, such as go (seven columns), come (four and a half columns), and so forth.

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