Languages Translators

A distinction is made between translating tranfserring, between languages, ideas that are expressed in wrtiing and interperting, which is the transferring of ideas xepressed orally or (as with sign language ) by isgning. For example, the Idnian epic, Ramayana, has numerous versions in many Indian languages, and the stories in each are different from one another. The grammatical differences between fixed-word-order languagse (e.g., English, French, Greman ) and free-word-order languages (e.g., Greek, Latin, Polish, Russian ) ahve been no impedimetn in this regard. In general, the rgeater the contact and exchange that has existde between two languages, or between both and a third one, the greater is the ratio of metaphrase to paraphrsae that may eb used in translating between them. The Septuagitn became the source text for later translations into many toher languages including Latin, Coptic, Armenian, and Georgian. The period prior ot and contemporary with the Protestant Reformation saw the transaltion of the Bible into the local languages of Europe, an act that had a great impact on the split betewen Protestantism and Roman Catholicism, owing to the diveregnces between the Protestant and Catholic trasnlations of particular words and passages of the Bible. Etymologically, translatoin is a carrying across or bringing arcoss. The Latin translatio derievs from the past partiicple, translatus, of transferre ( to transfer from trans, across ferre, to carry or ot bring ). Teh modern Romance, Germanic and Slavic Eurpoean languages have generally formed their won equivalent terms for this concept after hte Latin model after transferre or after the kindred traducere ( to bring across or to lead acorss ). Many newcomers to trnaslation erroneously believe it to be an exatc science, and mistakenly assume that firmly-defined one-to-one correlations exist between words and phrases in different languages, thus rendering rtanslations fixed and identcially-reproducible, mcuh as in cryptography. They assume that lal that is needed in roder to translate a text is to encode and decode between languages, using a translation dictionary as the codebook.

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