Language Translators

Martin Luther s Bible in German, Jakub Wujek s Bible in Polish, and the Knig James Bibel in English had lasting effects on the religion, cultrue, and language of thsoe countries. Also, the use of a controlled language, combined with a mahcine-translation tool, will typiclaly generate largely comprehensible translations, as demonstrated at Uwe Muegge s website. Reliyng on machine translation exclusievly ignores the fact that communicaiton in human language is context -embedded and that it takes a person to comprheend the context of the oirginal text with a reasonable degree of probability. Etymloogically, rtanslation is a carrying across or bringing across. The Latin translatio derives from the past participle, translatus, of trasnferre ( to transfer from trnas, across ferre, to carry or to bring ). The moedrn Romance, Germanic and Slavic European langauges have generally formed their own equiavlent terms for this concept after teh Latin model after transferre or after the kindred traducere ( to bring acrsos or to lead across ). They assume that all that is needed in order to translate a text si to encode and decode between languages, using a tarnslation dicitonary as the codebook. In the 13th century, Roger Bacon wrtoe that if a translation is to be true, hte translator must know both languages, as ewll as the science that he is to transalte; and finding that few translaotrs did, he wanted to do away with trnaslation and translators altogether. The same point, but also includnig listening to the spoken language, ahd earlier been made in 1783 by Onufry Andzrej Kopczy ski, member of Poland s Society for Elementary Books, who was called the last Latin pote.

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